Angelfish: Complete Care Guide

Among the numerous species that enchant hobbyists and enthusiasts alike, few can match the mesmerizing allure of the angelfish. 

With their graceful movements, stunning colors, and elegant fins, angelfish have become a favorite among aquarium enthusiasts around the globe.

In this guide, I will delve into the fascinating world of angelfish, exploring their natural habitat, unique characteristics, care requirements, and compatibility with other aquatic species.

Let me unlock the secrets of these mesmerizing creatures, providing you with the knowledge and understanding necessary to create a thriving environment for these aquatic wonders in the comfort of your own home.

Origin

Originating from the tropical waters of the Amazon River Basin in South America, angelfish (Pterophyllum spp.) have a rich history that spans centuries.

These captivating creatures are native to the freshwater rivers and streams of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Essequibo river systems, where they inhabit slow-moving waters amidst dense vegetation.

The angelfish species commonly found in the aquarium trade are believed to have originated from three main wild types: Pterophyllum scalare, Pterophyllum altum, and Pterophyllum leopoldi.

P. scalare, also known as the common angelfish or scalare angelfish, is the most prevalent and widely recognized species in the aquarium hobby.

In their natural habitat, angelfish are accustomed to warm and slightly acidic water conditions, typically found in the tropical regions of South America.

They are adapted to thrive amidst densely planted areas, using the vegetation as shelter and foraging grounds. The lush environment of the Amazon River Basin provides a diverse array of food sources for angelfish, including small invertebrates, insect larvae, and plant matter.

Size

Angelfish (Pterophyllum spp.) exhibit a notable size range, with variations depending on the specific species and their lineage.

While individual angelfish can differ in size due to genetics, nutrition, and environmental factors, it is essential to have a general understanding of their typical growth patterns.

The most commonly encountered angelfish species in the aquarium hobby is Pterophyllum scalare, often referred to as the common angelfish or scalare angelfish.

Adult P. scalare typically reach a body length of about 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 centimeters) from the tip of their nose to the end of their tail fin. The height of their triangular body can range between 3 to 6 inches (7.5 to 15 centimeters).

It’s worth noting that there are other angelfish species, such as Pterophyllum altum and Pterophyllum leopoldi, which can grow larger than P. scalare. P. altum, also known as the altum angelfish or deep angelfish, can grow up to 10 inches (25 centimeters) or even larger in some cases.

P. leopoldi, commonly referred to as the Leopold’s angelfish or teardrop angelfish, is the smallest of the three species and typically reaches sizes of 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 centimeters).

Availability

Angelfish (Pterophyllum spp.) are popular and widely available freshwater aquarium fish.

They can be found in various fish stores, online retailers, and from breeders specializing in angelfish. Their popularity has contributed to their availability in the aquarium trade.

Many local fish stores carry angelfish due to their demand and popularity among hobbyists. These stores may offer a variety of angelfish types, colors, and sizes to choose from.

Numerous online retailers specialize in selling freshwater fish, including angelfish. These online platforms provide a wide range of options, allowing hobbyists to browse through various strains, colors, and sizes.

When purchasing online, it’s important to select a reputable retailer known for their quality fish and reliable shipping practices. Be sure to check reviews and ratings from other customers before making a purchase.

Angelfish enthusiasts and dedicated breeders often have a selection of high-quality angelfish available for sale. These breeders may offer unique strains, rare colorations, or specific genetic lines of angelfish.

Purchasing directly from breeders can provide the opportunity to acquire angelfish with specific traits or characteristics. Participating in local fish club events or connecting with angelfish breeding communities can help connect with reputable breeders.

Availability can vary depending on the region and time of year. It’s important to keep in mind that while angelfish are generally available, specific color variations or rare strains may have limited availability or higher price points due to their desirability.

It’s advisable to be patient and explore different sources to find the angelfish that best match your preferences.

The cost of angelfish can vary significantly depending on several factors, including the type of angelfish, its coloration, size, rarity, and where you purchase them. Additionally, prices can also vary by region and availability.

The silver or standard angelfish variety, also known as Pterophyllum scalare, is typically the most affordable option. Prices can range from $5 to $10 per fish, depending on size and quality.

Angelfish with unique and desirable color variations, such as gold, black, blue, or koi patterns, tend to be priced higher.

Depending on the specific strain and quality, you can expect to pay anywhere from $10 to $50 or more for each fish.

Certain rare or exotic angelfish strains, such as those with unusual color combinations or patterns, may command higher prices. These can range from $50 to several hundred dollars per fish, depending on their rarity and desirability.

It’s important to keep in mind that the prices mentioned above are general estimates, and actual prices may vary depending on the seller, location, and availability.

Additionally, larger or more mature angelfish often come with a higher price tag compared to smaller juveniles.

When purchasing angelfish, it’s recommended to buy from reputable sources, such as trusted local fish stores or reputable online retailers.

Ensuring the health and quality of the fish is important, so it’s worth investing in well-cared-for specimens from reliable suppliers.

Appearance and Sex Differences

Angelfish have a striking and graceful appearance characterized by their laterally compressed bodies and elongated triangular dorsal and anal fins.

Their bodies are typically deep and round, with a sloping forehead and a long, trailing caudal fin. Their overall shape gives them an elegant and regal presence in the aquarium.

Angelfish are renowned for their graceful and elongated fins, which enhance their regal appearance. The fins of angelfish are categorized into several types:

Dorsal Fin: Located on the top of the fish, the dorsal fin adds height and elegance to the angelfish’s profile. It can vary in size and shape, with some individuals possessing a long and flowing dorsal fin, while others may have a shorter, more compact one.

Anal Fin: Positioned on the underside of the fish, the anal fin aids in stabilization and maneuverability. Like the dorsal fin, it can also vary in length and shape.

Caudal Fin (Tail Fin): The caudal fin is the main tail fin of the angelfish, and its shape can range from rounded to veiled or even lyre-shaped. The length and fullness of the caudal fin can differ among individuals and strains, contributing to their overall elegance.

Pectoral Fins: Found on the sides of the fish, the pectoral fins assist in steering and balance. They are typically transparent and contribute to the angelfish’s graceful movements.

Ventral Fins: Positioned on the lower sides of the fish, the ventral fins are used for stability and steering. They can be long and flowing or shorter, depending on the specific strain.

Angelfish (Pterophyllum spp.) exhibit a wide variety of types and colors, thanks to selective breeding efforts by dedicated aquarists.

These efforts have resulted in an impressive range of variations beyond the natural wild forms.

Here are some of the different angelfish types and colors commonly found in the aquarium trade:

• Silver Angelfish: The silver angelfish is the most recognizable and commonly found type. It features a silver or platinum body color with vertical black stripes running across the body. This classic and elegant variety serves as the foundation for many color morphs and patterns.
• Veil Angelfish: Veil angelfish are known for their long, flowing fins that extend beyond the body. These fins give them a graceful appearance. They come in various colors, including silver, black, and marbled variations.
• Marble Angelfish: Marble angelfish display a captivating marbled pattern on their body, featuring a combination of black, silver, and other shades. The pattern is unique to each individual, making every fish a work of art.
• Zebra Angelfish: Zebra angelfish have striking vertical black stripes on a silver or gold body. The stripes can be thin or thick, depending on the specific strain.
• Ghost Angelfish: Ghost angelfish possess a translucent or semi-transparent appearance, giving them a ghostly and ethereal look. They are often bred from silver angelfish with reduced pigmentation.
• Blushing Angelfish: Blushing angelfish exhibit a unique pink or reddish blush on their gill covers, forehead, and sometimes on their entire body. This coloration is a result of selective breeding.
• Clown Angelfish: Clown angelfish feature bold black and white patterns, reminiscent of a clown’s attire. They have a black body with white stripes or spots, creating a visually striking contrast.
• Gold Angelfish: Gold angelfish have a vibrant, shimmering gold body coloration. They can be solid gold or have other markings, such as black stripes or spots.
• Albino Angelfish: Albino angelfish lack pigmentation, resulting in a pale white or cream-colored body with pink or red eyes. They are highly sought after for their unique appearance.
• Smokey Angelfish: Smokey angelfish exhibit a smoky or grayish coloration that can vary in intensity. The shade can range from light gray to dark charcoal, giving them a mysterious and captivating look.

These are just a few examples of the various types and colors of angelfish available in the aquarium trade.

With ongoing selective breeding efforts, new strains and color variations continue to emerge, offering aquarists a wide array of choices to create stunning and diverse angelfish displays in their freshwater aquariums.

Angelfish exhibit sexual dimorphism, meaning there are visible differences between males and females.

These differences become more pronounced as the fish reach sexual maturity:

1. Size and Body Shape: Adult male angelfish are typically smaller and more slender than females. Females tend to have a rounder and fuller body shape, while males have a sleeker and more elongated body shape. Adult males will have a noticeable bump on their forehead that females won’t.
2. Fins: The fins of male angelfish often appear longer and more pointed compared to females. The dorsal and anal fins, in particular, may extend to greater lengths in males. Female angelfish typically have shorter and more rounded fins.
3. Papilla: One reliable method of distinguishing the sex of angelfish is by examining the genital papilla, a small tube-like structure located just behind the anal fin. In mature males, the papilla is pointed and pointed forward, resembling a small tube or spike. In females, the papilla is rounded and blunt, often described as a more “grape-like” shape.

It’s important to note that these sex differences may not be as apparent in juvenile angelfish and can vary to some extent depending on individual fish and genetic factors.

However, as the angelfish mature and reach sexual maturity, the differences in size, body shape, and fin characteristics become more pronounced, aiding in sex identification.

Behavior

Angelfish (Pterophyllum spp.) exhibit interesting and characteristic behaviors that make them a delight to observe in the aquarium.

Understanding their typical behavior can help aquarists provide suitable environments and care for these captivating fish. 

Swimming Patterns

Angelfish have a graceful and elegant swimming style. They typically move in a slow and deliberate manner, gliding through the water column.

Angelfish tend to explore all levels of the aquarium, from the bottom to the middle and upper regions, utilizing the entire vertical space.

Shoaling and Hierarchy

In the wild, angelfish form social groups and establish a pecking order within their shoals. This hierarchical behavior can also be observed in aquariums when angelfish are kept in groups.

Dominant individuals may exhibit more assertive behaviors, such as fin flaring and chasing, while subordinate fish may display submissive behaviors.

Territoriality

Angelfish can be territorial, especially during breeding and spawning periods. They may claim and defend a specific area within the aquarium, such as a flat surface or leaf, as their spawning site.

It’s important to provide ample space and suitable hiding spots to accommodate their territorial instincts and minimize aggression among tankmates.

Breeding Behavior

When angelfish reach sexual maturity, they may exhibit courtship and breeding behaviors. The male may flare his fins, intensify his colors, and engage in chasing and nudging the female.

The female responds by showing receptive behavior, such as displaying vertical positioning and allowing the male to lead her to the chosen spawning site. After successful spawning, angelfish may guard and care for their eggs and fry.

Feeding

Angelfish are omnivorous and will readily accept a variety of foods. They typically feed on small invertebrates, insect larvae, and plant matter in their natural habitat.

In the aquarium, they can be fed a combination of high-quality flake or pellet foods, supplemented with live or frozen foods like brine shrimp, bloodworms, or daphnia.

Angelfish often display enthusiastic feeding behavior, eagerly darting to catch their food.

Curiosity and Interaction

Angelfish are known for their curious nature and will often investigate their surroundings.

They may show interest in observing humans outside the aquarium, respond to movement near the tank, or interact with other fish in the aquarium.

Their active and inquisitive behavior adds liveliness to the aquarium environment.

Care

Angelfish require a spacious aquarium to accommodate their size and swimming behavior. The aquarium should have plenty of vertical swimming space, as angelfish appreciate tall tanks with adequate height.

Provide hiding spots with driftwood, rocks, or plants to mimic their natural habitat and create territories.

Angelfish originate from the Amazon River Basin, where water conditions are typically warm and slightly acidic.

Regularly test and monitor water parameters using a reliable test kit to ensure stability and make necessary adjustments when needed. Good filtration and regular water changes are essential for maintaining high water quality.

Choose compatible tankmates for angelfish. Avoid keeping them with aggressive or fin-nipping species.

Suitable tankmates include peaceful community fish that thrive in similar water conditions, such as tetras, rasboras, gouramis, and other non-aggressive cichlids. Take into account the size and temperament of potential tankmates to prevent territorial conflicts.

Angelfish are omnivorous and require a varied diet for optimal nutrition. Offer them a combination of high-quality flake or pellet foods formulated for tropical fish. Feed them small portions multiple times a day, as their small mouths are adapted for eating smaller prey.

Regular maintenance is essential for angelfish care. Perform partial water changes of 20-30% weekly to remove waste, maintain water quality, and replenish essential minerals.

Vacuum the substrate to remove debris and uneaten food. Clean the filter as needed to ensure proper functioning. Avoid using chemicals or medications unless necessary, as angelfish are generally sensitive to medications.

Regular observation of your angelfish is important to monitor their behavior, appetite, and overall health. Look for any signs of disease, stress, or abnormal behavior, and take appropriate action if necessary.

Tank Requirements

Creating the right tank environment for angelfish is crucial to their well-being and overall health. Here are some key tank requirements to consider when setting up an angelfish aquarium:

Angelfish require a spacious aquarium due to their size and swimming behavior. A minimum tank size of 20 gallons (75 liters) is recommended for a pair of angelfish.

However, larger tanks, such as a 30-gallon (113 liters) or 55-gallon (208 liters) tank, provide more swimming space and are preferable for a small group or community setup. 

Angelfish appreciate tall tanks with vertical swimming space, as their natural habitat consists of slow-moving rivers and streams with dense vegetation.

A tank with a height of at least 18-24 inches (45-60 centimeters) is ideal to accommodate their vertical body shape and the length of their elongated fins.

Angelfish are native to the Amazon River Basin, where the water is typically warm, slightly acidic, and soft.

Aim for a temperature range of 75-82°F (24-28°C) and a pH level around 6.5-7.0. It’s important to regularly test and monitor water parameters using a reliable test kit to ensure stability and make necessary adjustments when needed.

Maintain good water quality by employing proper filtration and performing regular water changes.

Use a fine-grained substrate like sand or rounded gravel for the tank bottom. Avoid sharp or coarse substrates that can potentially damage the delicate angelfish fins or lead to injury.

Provide plenty of hiding spots and visual barriers in the form of driftwood, rocks, and plants. Angelfish appreciate areas to retreat and establish territories.

Live plants, such as Amazon sword, Java fern, and Anubias, can provide natural cover and mimic their natural habitat. Ensure that plants and décor are securely anchored to avoid accidental collapses or injury.

Use appropriate lighting to simulate natural day-night cycles. Angelfish do well with moderate lighting levels. Consider using full-spectrum bulbs or LED lights that allow for adjustable brightness and color temperature.

Utilize a suitable filtration system to maintain water quality and provide adequate water movement. Angelfish prefer gentle water flow, so consider using a filter with adjustable flow settings or baffling the outflow if needed.

Avoid aggressive or fin-nipping species that may harass or stress the angelfish. Suitable tankmates include peaceful community fish like tetras, rasboras, gouramis, and other non-aggressive cichlids.

Regular maintenance is vital for the health of the angelfish and the overall aquarium ecosystem.

Perform partial water changes of 20-30% weekly to remove waste, replenish essential minerals, and maintain water quality.

Vacuum the substrate to remove debris and uneaten food. Clean the filter regularly to ensure proper functioning.

Diseases

Angelfish can be susceptible to various diseases, and it’s essential for aquarists to be aware of common health issues to ensure prompt identification and appropriate treatment.

Ich

Ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoan parasite.

Infected angelfish may display symptoms such as white spots resembling grains of salt on their body, fins, and gills.

Affected fish may also exhibit flashing (rubbing against objects), loss of appetite, and increased respiration.

Ich can be treated using appropriate medications, increasing the water temperature, and providing proper tank hygiene.

Fungal Infections

Fungal infections can occur as a secondary infection, usually in response to an injury or poor water quality.

Symptoms include cotton-like growths or patches on the skin, fins, or mouth.

Fungal infections can be treated with antifungal medications, ensuring optimal water conditions, and addressing the underlying causes.

Bacterial Infections

Bacterial infections can manifest as fin rot, ulcers, popeye (swollen eye), or open sores.

Symptoms may include frayed or disintegrating fins, redness, inflammation, or visible wounds.

Treating bacterial infections often involves antibiotics, improving water quality, and maintaining good aquarium hygiene.

Swim Bladder Disorders

Swim bladder disorders can cause buoyancy issues, leading to problems with floating or sinking.

Affected fish may struggle to maintain their position in the water column or swim abnormally.

Swim bladder disorders can have various causes, including poor diet, constipation, or infections.

Treatment may involve adjusting diet, providing proper nutrition, and maintaining optimal water conditions.

Tank Mates

When selecting tank mates for angelfish, it’s important to choose species that are compatible in terms of behavior, water parameters, and size.

Many peaceful community fish can coexist harmoniously with angelfish.

Species such as tetras (e.g., neon tetras, cardinal tetras), rasboras, gouramis (dwarf gouramis, pearl gouramis), and peaceful bottom dwellers like corydoras catfish and bristlenose plecos can make good tank mates.

These fish share similar water requirements and tend to be non-aggressive, making them suitable companions for angelfish.

Some cichlid species can coexist with angelfish, provided they are peaceful and not overly territorial.

Examples include small and peaceful South American cichlids like Apistogramma, keyhole cichlids, or some species of dwarf cichlids.

However, it’s important to research each specific cichlid’s temperament and compatibility to ensure a successful cohabitation.

Angelfish are generally not aggressive towards smaller schooling fish. Species like small tetras, rasboras, and danios can create a lively and dynamic display when kept with angelfish.

Ensure that the schooling fish are not too small to be considered prey by the angelfish.

Peaceful livebearer fish, such as platies, swordtails, and mollies, can often coexist well with angelfish.

Be cautious with livebearer species that have long, flowing fins, as angelfish may mistake them for potential rivals and nip at their fins.

It’s important to avoid aggressive or fin-nipping species when selecting tank mates for angelfish.

Avoid species like barbs, some cichlids (e.g., larger Central American cichlids), or aggressive territorial fish that may harass or stress the angelfish.

When introducing new tank mates, closely monitor the interactions between the angelfish and the new additions.

It’s advisable to provide plenty of hiding spots and visual barriers, such as plants or decorations, to help reduce aggression and establish territories.

Diet

Angelfish (Pterophyllum spp.) are omnivorous fish that require a varied and balanced diet to thrive and maintain optimal health.

Their diet should consist of a combination of high-quality commercial foods, live or frozen foods, and occasional plant matter.

Start with live or frozen foods to provide essential proteins and nutrients.

Angelfish relish the opportunity to hunt and consume live prey. Offer foods such as brine shrimp, bloodworms, daphnia, blackworms, or tubifex worms.

These foods can be purchased frozen or live, depending on availability. Live foods are particularly beneficial for conditioning breeding pairs.

Supplement their diet with high-quality flake or pellet food formulated specifically for tropical fish.

Look for options that provide a balanced mix of proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Choose a size suitable for the angelfish’s mouth, as their small mouths may struggle with larger pellets. 

Angelfish can benefit from the inclusion of plant matter in their diet. Offer blanched or boiled vegetables such as spinach, zucchini, or lettuce.

Ensure the vegetables are thoroughly cleaned and softened before feeding to the angelfish. This provides them with additional fiber and micronutrients.

Occasionally, supplement their diet with small amounts of other foods like small insects, mosquito larvae, or even small crustaceans. These natural prey items offer variety and can stimulate their natural feeding behavior.

Pay attention to the angelfish’s eating habits. If they consistently ignore or refuse certain foods, it may be necessary to try different options or brands to find what they prefer.

Providing a diverse diet helps ensure they receive all the necessary nutrients for growth, health, and vibrant coloration.

Feed them small portions two to three times a day, only offering what they can consume within a few minutes to prevent overfeeding.

Breeding

Breeding angelfish (Pterophyllum spp.) can be a rewarding and fascinating experience for aquarium enthusiasts.

Here are some key considerations and steps to help facilitate successful angelfish breeding.

Pair Formation

To initiate breeding, it’s important to have a compatible pair of angelfish.

Allow a group of juvenile angelfish to grow together in a spacious tank. As they mature, natural pairings may form.

Observe their interactions closely, looking for signs of bonding such as increased attention, chasing, or lip-locking.

Once a pair has formed, separate them from the group and move them to a dedicated breeding tank.

Breeding Tank Setup

Prepare a separate tank specifically for breeding. A tank size of 20 gallons (75 liters) or larger is recommended to provide sufficient space for the breeding pair and potential fry.

Use a sponge filter or gentle filtration to avoid strong water currents that could harm delicate eggs and fry.

Include broad-leaved plants, such as Amazon sword or large Anubias, or provide a vertical spawning slate or cone for the pair to lay their eggs.

Conditioning and Spawning

Condition the breeding pair by providing a varied diet consisting of live or frozen foods rich in protein. This helps prepare them for the breeding process.

Gradually increase the water temperature to the upper range of their preferred temperature (around 84,2°F or 29°C) to simulate the onset of the breeding season.

Observe the pair for courtship behavior, which may include fin flaring, lip-locking, and the male leading the female to the chosen spawning site.

The female will deposit adhesive eggs on the prepared surface, and the male will fertilize them. I would like to point out here that angelfish often lose their typical parental behavior in aquarium conditions.

If, after spawning, we notice that the parents are not taking care of the eggs or are eating them, it is recommended to carefully remove the leaf on which the eggs were laid and transfer them to a separate, small aquarium without substrate, filled with water taken from the spawning tank.

Angelfish eggs are prone to fungal growth, so it is advisable to add trypaflavin or another fungicide to the water.

Fry Care

After hatching, the fry will remain attached to the spawning site, absorbing their yolk sac for nourishment.

Once free-swimming, usually within 5-7 days, the fry will require their first food. Offer newly hatched brine shrimp or specialized fry food in small, frequent feedings.

Ensure the tank has low flow and provide hiding spots, such as dense vegetation or commercial fry-rearing devices, to protect the fry from potential predation.

Perform regular water changes to maintain good water quality and monitor the fry’s growth and development.

Separating and Rearing

As the fry grow, they will become more independent and can be separated from the parents or transferred to a separate rearing tank.

This helps prevent the parents from potentially preying on the fry. Continue to provide appropriate-sized foods, gradually transitioning to finely crushed flake or pellet foods as the fry grow.

Breeding angelfish can be a complex process, and success may require multiple attempts and adjustments to conditions. Patience and careful observation are key throughout the breeding journey.

It’s important to note that not all angelfish pairs will successfully breed or exhibit compatible behaviors.

If a pair shows signs of aggression towards each other or consistently fails to produce viable eggs, it may be necessary to try different pairings or consider acquiring proven breeding stock from experienced breeders.

In conclusion

Angelfish offer aquarists a captivating experience with their stunning colors, intricate patterns, and regal presence.

With proper care, a suitable environment, and a commitment to their well-being, angelfish can thrive, enchanting their keepers and adding beauty to freshwater aquariums.

So, why not dive into the world of angelfish? Embark on this fulfilling journey and witness firsthand the beauty and wonder that these graceful fish can bring to your life and your aquarium.